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The Reason Of Obesity And Obesity - 998 Words

Obesity Introduction: In these days, rates of overweight and obesity are growth faster in Australia. Fourteen million Australians are overweight or obese. More than five million Australians are obese. Australian adults (63%) are overweight or obese, almost 2 in 3. And children (25%) are overweight or obese. Obesity has overtaken smoking as the crucial cause of death and illness in Australia. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians are 1.9 times as likely as non-indigenous Australians to be obese.More than 900,000 Australians suffer from diabetes.(NHS Choice 2015) If this tendency still continues, by 2025, nearly 80% of all Australian adults and a third of all children will be overweight or obese. It will influence individuals healthy and society development. In this essay, we will discuss the reason of obesity, and the effects and how to solution this question. (Australian Government 2012) Reason: Many Australian became overweight and obesity is because of poor diet and lifestyle choices, for example, eating a greatly number of soft drink and fast food that is high in fat and sugar. As well as we know, the fast food, like hamburger and French fires has really highly calorie and Australian like these foods. At the same time, a copious of young man only focus on meat but not eat vegetables at all, nevertheless we need numerous vitamins and other nutrition, it help us keep the balance between our body, if we broke this nutrient balance, along with the falling ofShow MoreRelatedFast Food Is The Reason For Obesity955 Words   |  4 PagesFast food is the reason to blame for obesity. Food made and prepared in a matter of minutes should certainly raise some flags. ---- Roberto De Vogli states in â€Å"†globesization’: ecological evidence on the relationship between fast food outlets and obesity among 26 advanced economies† that â€Å" the diffusion of à ¢â‚¬Ëœfast food restaurants’ resulting from rapid global market integration (Hawkes 2009) and trade liberalization policies (Thow and Hawkes 2009) seems to be one of the key contributing factors behindRead MoreObesity Is The Reason Our Youth972 Words   |  4 Pages Introduction Childhood obesity has been on a steady incline over the past 30 years and is considered a serious public health concern, especially in elementary school aged children. According to the US Surgeon General, nearly one in three children are overweight or obese (US Department of Human Health Services, 2014). The American Heart Association (2010) has age and sex specific growth charts that show the calculation of children’s BMI using their height and weight. When children’s weight isRead MoreReasons For Preventing Childhood Obesity924 Words   |  4 PagesWhat would you do if stopping childhood obesity was left in your hands? Nearly 1 in 3 children (ages 2-19) in the United States is overweight or obese. This can lead to serious health problems, such a diabetes and heart failure in the future (healthiergeneration.org). There are a number of contributors to childhood obesity. This includes television, media, lack of daily physical activity, marketing unhealthy foods, and limited access to healthy affordable food. An organization called, â€Å"Let’s Move†Read MoreIs Fast Food Really The Main Reason For Childhood Obesity?907 Words   |  4 PagesIs fast food really the main reason for the rise in childhood obesity? No, it is not their fault. In fact, I believe the main reason for childhood obesity is the parents. Most parents care about their kids but yet they allow them to eat unhealthy food, watch television for long periods of time, and reward them with food. Although, the cause of childhood obesity is debated. Two of the main causes is food choices and advertisements. Exercise is critical, it is an important part in keeping your bodyRead MoreReasons behind Obesity in the United States of America Essay949 Words   |  4 PagesReasons behind obesity in the United States of America United States of America is one of the most leading obese countries in the world, and the reasons are fairly understandable. We can observe that on our own. We have fast food chains on every block, where the foods are very cheap and unhealthy. Besides, we have more and more technology to make our lives easier. Hence people are getting lazier. All these factors involve weight gain in our country. People are getting fat and fatter day-by-day causingRead MoreComparing Views: Reasons behind the Obesity Problem Essay1676 Words   |  7 PagesI Mrs. Zewe 20 October, 2010 Obesity: To Be or Not To Be? One of the most controversial debates of this generation is on who is the blame for the obesity epidemic. More specifically, who is responsible for obesity: the individual who is obese or the government and fast food corporations? In Radley Balkos essay What You Eat Is Your Business and in David Zinczenkos essay Dont Blame the Eater, the main ideas that are presented both reflect upon obesity and personal responsibility. TheRead MoreFood Additives: The Reason Behind American Obesity Essay2126 Words   |  9 Pagesnotorious for having the reputation as the fattest country in the world. In fact, diabetes and heart disease (which are both closely linked to the overweight and obesity problems of America) are the second causes of death in the country. According to statistics taken by the CDC in 2010, nearly 33 percent of all adult Americans are suffering with obesity. That is one out of every three adults†¦ Partially responsible for this is food additives which have been used for thousands of years, even in prehistoricRead MoreChildhood Obesity : Obesity And Obesity1505 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood Obesity Introduction Childhood Obesity has become more critical public health issue worldwide. However, obesity ratio varies from country to country. In addition, up to a quarter of Australian children are suffering from childhood obesity and obese children are at higher risk to become obese adult. For this reason, child’s weight always matters because it can impact on their health in future. There may be many reasons which affect childhood obesity including sedentary life style, lack ofRead MoreObesity Should Not Be Labeled As A Disease1198 Words   |  5 Pages stroke, and diabetes, breathing issues, high blood pressure: these are all risk of dealing with obesity. Nearly two-thirds of our society today are affected by obesity (Ablow). Obesity is a medical condition, in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health (â€Å"Obesity...Medical†). The American Medical Association (AMA) has decided to classify obesity as a disease - a disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one thatRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On America1394 Words   |  6 PagesHave you ever wondered what are the major causes of obesity? The CDC (2017) states that one out of every five children in the U.S. are overweight or obese, and this number is continuing to rise. Wilson (2016) states that many children who are obese develop health complications, such as joint, gallbladder, and sleeping problems. The majority of children who are obese as kids tend to be obese as adults. Reason being, many children develop bad eating habits by learning from their surroundings. When

Pirates Piracy and Golden Age Free Essays

Josh Davis FYE 102 Paper 1 9/28/2012 Golden Age Pirates vs. Modern Day Pirates Piracy has been around before the time of the pyramids. Once merchant ship began to deliver goods to other countries, others realized the financial gain that could be made by stealing those goods and selling them themselves. We will write a custom essay sample on Pirates: Piracy and Golden Age or any similar topic only for you Order Now Pirates have ruled the seas at different times. Once Europeans settled in the American colonies, pirates plundered towns along the coast and attacked almost every ship they came in contact with. During the 18th century, wars gave rise to privateering; a legal form of piracy. But, after the War of 1812, this was no longer tolerated. Government put an end to most piracy but, today there are still pirates. By comparing the pirates of the Golden Age with the pirates we have today, we can gain knowledge of how piracy has evolved and changed. Execution was and still is an honored method of dealing with pirates. Merchant ships have always found themselves victim to pirates. In November 1998, pirates hijacked a ship off the Chinese coast. Its name was the Cheung Son. After binding and gagging all the crew members, the pirates killed them and threw their bodies overboard. This ship and its cargo were never seen again. Police eventually discovered pictures of pirates celebrating onboard the Cheung Son. They arrested all thirty-eight pirates. A court found all guilty. Thirteen were sentenced to death, one to life in prison, and the rest were sentenced to twelve years. During the Golden Age, many pirates were hung or executed in some way. After Captain William Kid was hung, his body was tarred and placed in an iron cage. The government put it on display as a warning to other pirates. Likewise, another pirate, named Edward Teach, had his decapitated head put on display as a warning also. Punishment was and is a rarity for pirates. Often, pirates escape with their â€Å"treasure†. Golden Age pirates and Modern day pirates share three requirements to flourish. Both need a place to sail where the rewards are substantial. During the Golden Age, the only way to transport goods was by ship. This gave pirates access to an unlimited amount of goods and treasures. Today, small high-speed vessels can easily catch up to larger vessels. The plunder is equally rewarding, but easier to convert into cash. Both generations of pirates need hunting grounds where the risk of detection is small. Golden Age pirates patrolled near Africa, the American and European coast, and as far north as the Caribbean. Today’s pirates thrive off the coasts of Africa and South China. Finally, they both need a safe haven. Port Royal offered a safe place for Golden Age pirates to stay. Many of Indonesia’s islands provide a safe haven for today’s pirates. Weaponry and Technology are very different today than three hundred years ago. Swords and muskets were the weapons of choice for Golden Age pirates. Today, pirates wield automatic rifles and modern communication technology. Past pirates used wooden ships with large crews and used cannons to defend their ships. Today’s pirates used small fast boats with small crews. Golden Age pirates attacked any ship that crossed their path, â€Å"crime of opportunity†. Today’s pirates plan their attacks and select victims before they even leave shore. â€Å"The truth is that modern piracy is a violent, bloody, ruthless practice†¦ made the more fearsome by the knowledge on the part of the victims that they are on their own and absolutely defenseless and that no help is waiting round the corner† Captain Jayant Abhyankar, Deputy Director of the International Maritime Bureau 1999. This statement still held true during the Golden Age. Efforts to end piracy began during ancient times. This Island of Rhodes was the first to include piracy in their maritime laws. In the Golden Age almost every nation had established maritime laws. Sir Charles Hedges, a judge of the British Admiralty Court during the late 1600’s, says â€Å"pirates are thieves who seize a ship and/or its cargo through violent means upon the sea†. Despite many legal attempts to stop piracy an international definition of piracy did not exist till 1958. Article 15, 1958 Geneva Convention of the High Seas and Article 101, 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea defines piracy as â€Å"a violent seizure on the high seas of a private ship or the illegal detainment of persons property aboard said ship for the purpose of private gain, nor can a government commit an act of piracy†. Piracy in the Golden Age devastated the trade economy. Hundreds of ships carrying numerous amounts of goods were plundered. Today, piracy hardly dents the two trillion dollar a year shipping industry. In 1997 losses amounted to â€Å"$. 32 for every $10,000† J. Gottschalk. This leaves little financial incentive for companies to deal with the problem. Violence was and is still very common amongst pirates. No one knows for sure show many people were murdered by Golden Age Pirates but, its number was staggering. Modern day pirates have left a dent themselves. During a five year period the UN High Commissioner said that an estimated 2,283 women were raped and 592 people were kidnaped. This was in Vietnamese alone. In 2000 there were 182 ships that were attacked. Almost half were in the South China Seas according to the Worldwide Maritime Piracy. Captain Abhyankar wrote in An overview of Piracy Problems; â€Å"A total of 202 incidents were reported in 1998. The majority of these attacks were violent. At least 79 persons have been killed and 35 injured during piracy†. Clearly piracy is still a problem. Piracy is as much of a problem today as it was years ago. Pirates of the golden age and pirates of today are more similar than not, but, they do have differences. We have seen that pirates need three common requirements to thrive and their differences in weapons and technology. Piracy has been around for too long and needs to end. Work Cited Abidi, Shahkar. â€Å"Piracy puts trade in choppy waters,† DNA 12 April 2012 Baldwin, James. â€Å"Dodging Pirates in Southeast Asia,† SailNet, 1 March 2002 â€Å"Drop in Piracy Incidents,† Portsworld. com Malaysia, 25 July 2005 Ellis, Eric. â€Å"Singapore’s New Straits: Piracy on the High Seas is on the Rise in Southeast Asia,† Fortune International (Asia Edition), 148:6 (29 September 2003), p. 24 www. cindyvallar. com. â€Å"Pirates and Privateers the History of Maritime Piracy†, 2006 How to cite Pirates: Piracy and Golden Age, Essay examples

Emily Dickinson Essay Introduction Example For Students

Emily Dickinson Essay Introduction Emily Dickinsons world was her fathers home and garden in a small New Englandtown. She lived most of her life within this private world. Her romantic visionsand emotional intensity kept her from making all but a few friends. Because ofthis life of solitude, she was able to focus on her world more sharply thanother authors of her time were. Her poems, carefully tied in packets, werediscovered only after she had died. They reveal an unusual awareness of herselfand her world, a shy but determined mind. Every poem was like a tiny micro-chasmthat testified to Dickinsons life as a recluse. Dickinsons lack of rhyme andregular meter and her use of ellipsis and compression were unimportant as longas her poetry was encouraged by it. Although some find her poetry to beincomprehensible, illiterate, and uneducated, most find that her irregularpoetic form are her original attempts at liberating American poetry from a staleheritage. Her poetry was the precursor to the modern spirit with the influen ceof transcendentalism not puritanism. Her treatment of Death and profoundmetaphysical tendencies were part of the singular nature of her genius. Emilyssimple language draws rich meanings from common words. The imagery and metaphorsin her poetry are taken from her observations of nature and her imagination. Sheapproached her poetry inductively, combining words to arrive at a conclusion thepattern of words suggested, rather than starting with a specific theme ormessage. Her use of certain words resulted in one not being able to grasp herpoetry with only one reading. She paid minute attention to things that nobodyelse noticed in the universe. She was obsessed with death and itsconsequences especially the idea of eternity. She once said, Does notEternity appear dreadful to you I often get thinking of it and it seems sodark to me that I almost wish there was no Eternity. To think that we mustforever live and never cease to be. It seems as if death which all so dreadbecause it launches u s upon an unknown world would be a relief to so endless astate of existence. Dickinson heavily believed that it was important toretain the power of consciousness after life. The question of mental cessationat death was an overtone of many of her poems. The imminent contingency ofdeath, as the ultimate source of awe, wonder, and endless questions, was lifesmost fascinating feature to Dickinson. Dickinson challenges the mysteries ofdeath with evasion, despair, curiosity or hope in her poetry as means to clarifyher curiosity. From examining her poems of natural transitions of life anddeath, changing states of consciousness, as a speaker from beyond the grave,confronting death in a journey or dream and on the dividing line of life anddeath one can see that Dickinson points to death as the final inevitable change. The intensity of Dickinsons curiosity about dying and her enthusiasm to learnof the dying persons experience at the point of mortality is evident in herpoetry. She studies the effect of the deads disappearance, on the living world,in a hope to conjecture something about the new life they are experiencing afterdeath. Dickinson believes that a dying persons consciousness does not die withthe body at death but rather it lives on and intensifies. In To know just how Hesuffered-would be dear To know just how He suffered would be dear To knowif any Human eyes were near To whom He could entrust His wavering gaze Untilit settle broad on Paradise To know if He was patient part content Was Dying as He thought or different Was it a pleasant Day to die Anddid the Sunshine face his way What was His furthest mind Of Home or God Or what the Distant say At news that He ceased Human Nature Such a Day And Wishes Had He Any Just His Sigh Accented Had been legible toMe And was He Conf ident until Ill fluttered out in Everlasting Well Andif He spoke What name was Best What last What One broke off with At theDrowsiest Was He afraid or tranquil Might He know How ConsciousConsiousness could grow Till Love that was and Love too best to be Meet and the Junction be Eternity expresses her belief about the experienceof dying and her wonderment of what happens during death. Dickinson suggeststhat the dying persons final gaze will be on paradise as if at the point ofdeath it sees what is to come. Dickinson herself wants, to know just howhe suffered To know if any Human eyes were near To know if He waspatient many questions like these are raised as to the experiences ofthe dying. She probes at the implications of leaving the living, searching forthe strength of deaths appeal, and wondering abou the junction of love thatexisted during life and love that is to be, after life. Questions are raisedabout the persons attachments to the world already known rather than in sightsinto another world after death. The impossibility of Dickinson to fullypenetrate the mysteries of the afterlife does not allow for insight into thisother world. Since she could not follow the dead beyond her world Dickinsonfocused on their effect on the world they left behind. She searched for answersfrom the dead as they lay in their resting-places in Safe in their AlabasterChambers. Safe in their Alabaster Chambers Untouched my Morning And untouchedby Noon Sleep the meek members of the Resurrection Rafter of satin, AndRoof of stone. Light laughs the breeze In her Castle above them Babbles theBee in a stolid Ear, Pipe the Sweet Birds in ignorant cadence Ah, whatsagacity perished here! The Alabaster chamber, untouched by morning anduntouched by noon, represents the tomb of the dead and their separationfrom the world. Dickinson concludes that she finds no answers from the deadbecause she is unable to understand their world. However, she knows that theyare only sleeping an d will come back when they are resurrected. Spoken frombeyond the grave, Because I could not stop for Death Because I could not stopfor Death He kindly stopped for me The Carriage held but just Ourselvesand Immortality. We slowly droveHe knew no haste And I had put away My laborand my leisure too, For His Civility We passed the School, where Childrenstrove At Recessin the Ring We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain We passedthe Setting Sun Or ratherHe passed Us The Dews drew quivering and chillFor only Gossamer, my Gown My Tippet only Tulle We paused before a House thatseemed A Swelling of the Ground The Roof was scarcely visible TheCornicein the Ground Since thenTis Centuriesand yet Feels shorter thanthe Day I first surmised the Horses Heads Were toward Eternity has animaginary person, not Dickinson who would be looking beyond into death, butcontent with the routine of the life, looking back from death into the livingworld which she has disappeared from. She had been too busy to stop her workwhile she was living so death, kindly stopped, for her. As shepasses the children, the Gazing Grain and finally the setting sun, we see thestages of life, childhood, maturity, and old age, respectively. Not only Deathhas come for the woman, The Carriage held but just Ourselves andImmortality. Again Emily focuses on the previous world and on mortalityand can not see into death and immortality. Dickinson represents deathsfinality by stressing the continued presence of objects no longer valuable ormeaningless, and on the ceasing of activities that had characterized life. Hamlet Analyzed According To Aristotles Six Elements Of Tragedy EssayPoetry

Obesity Among Children and Adolescents Essay Example Essay Example

Obesity Among Children and Adolescents Essay Example Paper Obesity Among Children and Adolescents Essay Introduction Charvi Patel April 7th, 2010 Obesity among Children and Adolescents Obesity has been a controversial issue for years. Childhood obesity is already an epidemic in some areas and is on the rise in others. Although rare in the past, obesity is now amongst some of the most widespread issues affecting our children and adolescents living in the United States today. Childhood obesity is harmful to not only the child’s present lifestyle but it also affects the child’s future. Obesity in children is on the rise due to parenting style, inadequate exposure to healthy foods at a young age, availability of unhealthy foods, lack of education and awareness of the side effects and risks, and an increase in sedentary behavior. Obesity is a serious concern that affects our children and adolescents today. Obesity in children can be defined as a body weight of at least 20% higher than of the healthy weight for a child of that height, or a body fat percentage above 25% in boys or above 32% in girls (Ferry). While more children are becoming overweight, the already heavy children are getting even heavier. Obesity Among Children and Adolescents Essay Body Paragraphs Obesity has a profound effect on a child’s life. Its effects include numerous health problems, emotional or psychological distress, and social problems. Studies have shown that overweight children are more likely to grow up to become overweight adults. For example, one study found that approximately 80 percent of children who were overweight at 10 to 15 years old were obese at 25 (Bellows and Roach). Parenting styles are a very influential factor that can lead to obesity in children and adolescents. Many parents rely on a parenting technique called the reward system. The reward system is used to get children to do what they are told to, and in return they receive a treat. Most of the time this treat is in the form of something sweet such as candy, chocolate, or ice cream or sometimes even going out to eat at their favorite place. Roberta Anding, a registered dietician with BCM and Texas Children’s Hospital, makes an interesting point. She said â€Å"Rewarding children with food is not a good idea. It elevates the status of food and makes certain foods or treats more valuable to children† (Anding). Parents don’t realize that this way of ewarding their child just leads to them eating more unhealthy foods than they already consume on a daily basis. By continuing to use this system, the child catches on to the idea of doing as the parent says and they will get the food of their choice regardless of whether it’s healthy or not. This cycle just goes on and on and continues to add to the amount of sugars and unhealthy foods your child will consume. This overconsumption of unhealthy foods will put your child in danger of becoming overweight or obese at a young age. Parents are responsible for the food their child eats are home. Early imprinting will help alter their taste perceptions at a young age (Anding). Children develop their tastes and likings of a food at a young age. Many parents chose to give their child anything he or she is willing to eat. They believe that as long as the child eats it’s not a big deal what the food item is. This thought can be proven harmful to their child later on. If the child is introduced to unhealthy foods and has been brought up eating them, then most likely the child will continue to make unhealthy food choices throughout their life. It is the parent’s duty to ensure that their child is exposed and produces a taste for healthy foods. Developing these healthy eating habits early on will help your child avoid falling into the trap of childhood obesity. The environment and people around children and adolescents play a big role in the choices they make. The home, child care, school, and community environments can influence children’s behaviors related to the food they eat. Child care providers and schools share responsibility with the parents for children during their important developmental years. Children that go to these facilities are increasingly making u nhealthy food choices. Schools and child care providers are encouraging snacking. It is common for elementary schools to allow students to have a snack during the day. Children see the other kids with cookies or chips or another unhealthy snack and their mind automatically craves those foods as well, which leads to the child going and buying that snack or insisting on their parent packing them those types of foods. They’re defense is â€Å"I want to take cookies or chips too; all the other kids are eating them†. The average parent just finds it easier to pack whatever their child wants rather than sitting and trying to reason with them and explain why it’s bad for them. It’s wrong to blame just the parents or the other kids for contributing to unhealthy food choices. Schools are making it harder and harder for kids to stay on the right track. They are providing the child with a variety of numerous unhealthy food items that all look appetizing such as pizz a, pop or other drinks high in sugar, and fried foods. Children’s dietary habits have shifted away from healthy foods (such as fruits and vegetables) to a much greater reliance on fast food, snack foods, and sugary drinks. Kids see that they have the option of eating them and choose to do so. They are tempted to eat these foods and can’t help but give in to this temptation. Schools aren’t considering the fact that giving kids the choice to eat these types of foods is adding to the increasing levels of obesity in children globally. Children as well as parents are unaware of the serious side effects and risks that can be caused by unhealthy eating habits. Unhealthy eating at a young age leads to childhood obesity. Childhood obesity can affect the child’s health not only at the current time but also in the future. It can lead to many early onset health problems and complications. Obesity in children and teens has been found to be the leading cause of pediatr ic hypertension (high blood pressure); it increases the risk of coronary heart disease and stress on weight bearing joints, and is associated with Type II diabetes mellitus. But these health complications aren’t the only consequences of childhood obesity. It can also lead to social and psychological problems in the child such as a low self-esteem and affect relationships with peers, which can lead to psychological health disorders related to weight such as bulge eating, bulimia, and anorexia. The child or adolescents life can be put in danger by multiple unhealthy food choices that have lead to this epidemic of childhood obesity. The popularity of television, computers, and video games translates into an increasingly sedentary (inactive) lifestyle for many children in the United States. The sedentary behavior in a child and adolescents daily routine is a major contributing factor to the increasing rates of childhood obesity. The media may decrease the time children spend enga ging in physical activities, which in turn lowers the child’s metabolic rates. Several studies have shown a positive association between the amount time spent viewing television and the increase in the prevalence of childhood obesity. Children in the United States spend an average of over three hours per day watching television. Not only does this use little energy (calories), but it also encourages snacking (Ferry). Another problem with the increase of hours a child spends in front of the TV is their viewing of advertisements. Children are influenced to make unhealthy food choices through exposure to food advertisements. The average child sees 10,000 TV advertisements related to unhealthy foods per year (Spurlock), which in turn affects the food choices by making them crave these unhealthy foods. These cravings then lead to an overconsumption of fatty foods. The prevention of childhood obesity starts at home. In early childhood, exposure to proper nutritional foods, good exe rcise/activity habits, and monitoring of television viewing, will help your child make the right food choices. Parents are the most influential factors on their child’s choices. Parents are viewed as role models and the best teachers a child can have. Children are constantly watching what their parent is doing. You can help them adapt good habits by following them yourself. First, educate yourself about your children’s nutritional needs. Use what you learn to help your children develop a healthy attitude about eating. As a parent, be sure to introduce your child to variety of healthy foods at a young age. Children might not like the food right away but be sure to offer it to them multiple times, don’t just give up. A trick to get your child to eat healthy during meals is offering the protein and the colorful veggies first, when your child is most hungry. Be sure to be consistent and offer nothing until the next scheduled mealtime or regular snack time. The child will get the hang of it and make it a part of their daily routine. As a parent, limit the amount of time your child spends watching TV, sitting at the computer, or playing video games. Eating junk food while sitting in front of a screen contributes to the recipe for child obesity. Replace these unhealthy snacks with more nutritional snacks such as bananas, healthy crackers, carrots, or celery sticks. Being overweight is unhealthy and uncomfortable– and very unpleasant for a young child. Follow TV time with a physical activity outdoors if possible. Allow your child to experiment and try out different activities to help figure out which he or she enjoys the most. Encourage children to engage in physical activities that burn calories and use different muscle groups: running games, swimming, skating, and riding a bicycle. These activities will you’re your child build strong bones and muscles, maintain a healthy heart, and improve coordination, posture, and reflexes. Parks and playgrounds are great ways to burn off excess calories and give them interact with other children. The goal is to get your child or adolescent to participate in physical activities for at least 30 minutes each day. Parents should be role models for their children. If they see you being active, chances are they will do the same and will continue stay active into their adult years. A good way to get your whole family to be active is plan family activities so that everyone can be active and have fun as a family. Following these guidelines will help increase your child’s physical activity level, and in turn help decrease your child’s risk of obesity. Childhood obesity has become a serious issue that affects not only our children today but the future of children as well. The number of children that are diagnosed as obese is expected to continue to rise until something is done to bring our nation’s children back to a healthy state before it’s too late. Exc ess weight has both immediate and long term consequences. This current issue demands our serious attention (Bellows and Roach). It is our job to put an end to this. Obesity is on the rise due to these unhealthy food choices that have become a part of children and adolescents everyday lives. If we do not attempt to address this epidemic it will become out of hand and lead to our children having to face obesity in their later years, as well as now. Obesity is easier to prevent then treat. The earlier we tackle this issue the better off it will be for our children. Works Cited Page Anding, Roberta. â€Å"Exposing Children To Different Flavors Helps Kids Develop Taste For Variety Of Foods. † Redorbit News. RedOrbit, 17 04 2009. Web. 07 Apr 2010. . Bellows, L. , and J. Roach. â€Å"Childhood Overweight. † Extension. Colorado State University, 2009. Web. 7 Apr 2010. . Ferry, Robert Jr,. â€Å"Obesity in Children. † emedicinehealth: experts for everyday emergencies. we bMD, LLC. , 2010. Web. 7 Apr 2010. . Spurlock, Morgan, Script. Super Size Me. Dir. Morgan Spurlock. † 2004, Film. We will write a custom essay sample on Obesity Among Children and Adolescents Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Obesity Among Children and Adolescents Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Obesity Among Children and Adolescents Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Pinters The Birthday Party essays

Pinter's The Birthday Party essays One recurring motif in Harold Pinters work is the image of the single room. Pinter himself spoke of this form as being one of the most pure for the theater. For Pinter, one room, a few characters, and a door, and the fear of what will come through the door next is all that is necessary for a good play: Two people in a room- I am dealing a great deal of the time with this image of two people in a room. The curtain goes up on the stage, and I see it as a very potent question: What is going to happen to these two people in the room? Is someone going to open the door and come in? (Esslin 235) Pinters first full-length play, The Birthday Party, perfectly embodies this single room purity. The play takes place in a single room, whose occupants are threatened by forces or people whose precise intentions neither the characters nor the audience can define. The Birthday Party, was produced in 1958 at the Arts Theater in Cambridge. The play centers around Stanley, an apathetic man in his thirties who has found refuge in a dingy seaside boarding house which has apparently had no other visitors for years. Meg, one of the owners, cares for Stanley in a very motherly fashion that at times appears to border on incest. Petey, her husband, is a kind old man who rarely speaks and is employed as a deck chair attendant. Little is revealed about Stanleys past besides the fact that he was once a piano player and may or may not have once had a concert. This ambiguity becomes the driving force of the entire play. In the middle of the first act, the comic duo of Goldberg and McCann arrives, and it soon becomes clear that they are after Stanley. Like Samuel Beckett, Pinter refuses to provide rational explanations for the actions of his characters. Are the two emissaries of some secret organization Stanley has betrayed? Are they male nurses sent from an asylum from which Stanley has escaped? This question is never answer...

Death Penalty Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Death Penalty Issues - Essay Example However, the death penalty was revived in the year 1978. By the year 1998, the state legislature provided another choice for executing the condemned prisoners. This was by means of lethal injection. In March 2000, legislation was enacted in this state that made death by lethal injection the primary procedure for executing those condemned to death (Tennessee Department of Correction, n.d.).   With the reintroduction of capital punishment in 1916, the prison wardens were required to maintain an official ledger that provided details of the executed. During the period 1916 to 1960, executions were conducted exclusively at the Tennessee State Penitentiary in Nashville. The execution of Coe by lethal injection, in the year 2000, was this state’s first execution, after nearly four decades (Tennessee Department of Correction, n.d.).   The Tennessee Code  § 39 – 13 – 202 describes the offenses that merit the capital punishment. These are; first, the intentional and premeditated killing of another. Second, the killing of another during the perpetration or attempted perpetration of first-degree murder; terrorist act; rape; robbery; arson; burglary; aggravated child abuse, neglect or rape; rape; rape of a child; or aircraft piracy. Third, the killing of another individual resulting from the unlawful discharging, placing or hurling of a bomb or destructive device (Palmer, 2013, p. 335).   Code  § 39 – 13- 204(i) of Tennessee stipulates that the prosecutor has to prove the existence of one of the following statutory aggravating circumstances, during the penalty stage of the proceedings. First, the murder was perpetrated against a person who was not older than 12 years of age and the accused was 18 years or older. Second, the accused had been convicted, previously, of one or more felonies that had involved violence to the person (Palmer, 2013, p. 335).

Drawing on appropriate theories of entrepreneurial learning, provide a Essay

Drawing on appropriate theories of entrepreneurial learning, provide a reflective account of how your experiences in this module - Essay Example Furthermore, entrepreneurial learning is a specific field where more than any theoretical knowledge, practical knowledge and experience is imperative and therefore most valued, but with the former playing an important role of its own. In theoretical-based entrepreneurial learning, with the same aims reflected and supported by the practical aspect, some of the key questions that are focused upon are what the essential skills to master are in order to become a successful entrepreneur, how those skills can be obtained, and indeed, whether they can be obtained or at all, or whether they, in a large part, are inherited and inherent in a person's personality. Entrepreneurial learning can be summed up as the outcome of a sequence of choices among many options, often directly contradicting each other, which over time, influence the pattern of choices and individual may take. The skills of deduction and analysis required to make these choices are inculcated and develop through entrepreneur le arning (Harrison & Leitch 2008) . There are three specific aspects to entrepreneurial learning. Firstly, the personal and social development required in an individual, which will equip them to become a successful entrepreneur. ... nt aspect of entrepreneurial learning involves examining what roles an individual's personality and developing environment play in their role as an entrepreneur. This can include past experience, the lessons and conclusions drawn from them, and the effect that it will possibly have on future ventures, or it can include environmental factors that work towards inculcating certain thinking biases in an individual's perspective (Deakens 1998). It can also aim to educate the individual on how their current thinking and evaluation may affect future ventures, or whether and in what ways it should be challenged and developed, according to the goals and expectations of that individual as an entrepreneur. The aspect of entrepreneurial learning focused on learning through physical environment and experience is also called contextual learning. As evident from the name, it involves employing the individual in a scenario of certain context relevant to their position and development as an entrepren eur so that they may take actual decisions based on a variety of key choices, which ultimately go on to effect the outcome, in a positive or negative way. Experiencing the role of an entrepreneur and the situation where it's required leads an individual into applying skills and sense of practical experience, which comes into play where there's a need to make analytical decisions. It also allows expertise in the sense where an individual may logically predict to a certain accuracy the outcome that would result from a certain choice. This again leads to valuable experience, which comes into use where decisions need to be made in situations where there is a lack of common data to build choices upon and therefore make a decision from, and in which case past experience and future acumen will

Scriptural Hermeneutics, Ricoeur's thoughts, and theological method of Essay

Scriptural Hermeneutics, Ricoeur's thoughts, and theological method of Lonergan - Essay Example Ricoeur felt interpreting texts, events, and symbols that showed the human condition was a necessity in order to obtain understanding. He argued that a final explanation, while it is able to complement understanding, â€Å"does not answer the task of understanding† (â€Å"Rocoeur†). By exploring this belief as well as other modern philosophies, Ricoeur made significant contributions and influenced scholarship not just in hermeneutics, but nearly all the human sciences. St. Thomas Aquinas’ theological philosophy was that knowledge is revealed to humans by God and is conditioned by humans in addition to being imparted by God. He believed both reason and faith were means to attaining divine truth. The principles he integrated into his philosophy were based on the philosophies of Aristotle and Plato. Aquinas’ views led to the philosophical school of thought called Thomism (â€Å"Thomas†). Like Aquinas, Bernard Lonergan believed in the philosophy of Thom ism. He strongly advocated that judgment was not subjective but objective. He also believed that reason as well as the proper practice of theology could lead to divine truth and a better life. Also, like Aquinas, Lonergan viewed theology as a science and desired to integrate theology and philosophy (Tracy, 299).

Impact of Mental Health Act 2007 on Children

Impact of Mental Health Act 2007 on Children The amendments introduced into the Mental Health Act 1983 by the Mental Health Act 2007, amending s.131 of the 1983 Act, in relation to the informal admission of 16 and 17 year olds is, at last, a step in the right direction and goes some way to addressing an unsatisfactory failure to recognise the right to autonomy of a competent child. Critically analyse this statement with regard to the law relating to the medical treatment of children. Introduction In order to analyse whether the Mental Health Act 2007 has given new rights to children in respect of autonomy it is necessary to examine the way in which children were treated before the introduction of the Act. In doing this it will be necessary to examine the various Acts that have been implemented and the content of these with regard to the rights of children. It is hoped to be able to draw a conclusion from the research as to the effectiveness of the 2007 Act in allowing children to be able to make decisions about their own medical treatment. Consent to treatment Consent to medical treatment is founded on the principle of the respect for autonomy, which has been encompassed in Article 5 and Article 8 of the Human Rights Act 1998. Many doctors are of the opinion that there is a legal requirement for consent to medical treatment (Kessel, 1994). Informed consent has become an issue following several cases against doctors on allegations of negligence and battery (Faden and Beauchamp, 1986). Supporters of the Human Rights Act 1998 believe that mature minors should be protected under the right to a private life and should be able to insist on not having their wishes overridden (Hagger, 2003). Patient autonomy has been the impetus behind legislative changes in relation to the issue of consent. Faden and Beauchamp (1986) believed that the aim of the process of consent is to allow the patient the maximum opportunity to reach an autonomous decision. They believed that this could also be achieved by persuasion through convincing the patient of the benefits of the treatment by appealing to their sense of reason. Internationally the Nuremberg Code 1947 and the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki 1964 have attempted to increase patient autonomy, particularly with regard to medical research. The Human Rights Act 1998 has also increased the rights of autonomy which impacts on not only adult patients but also on adolescents who are deemed to be competent to make such decisions (Hewson, 2000). In terms of legislation on the issue of autonomy the Family Law Reform Act 1991 was enacted to give 16 and 17 year old a greater degree of autonomy over their treatment. In essence the notion of the Act was that a person in the stipulated age range would be entitled to decide whether or not to accept the treatment offered. Unfortunately there was a reluctance to give full autonomy to adolescents and so in order to allow a degree of parental control s8(3) of the Act was inserted which stated that ‘nothing in this section shall be construed as making ineffective any consent which would have been effective had the section not been enacted’. This effectively allowed a parent to still give consent on the part of the adolescent if they refused the treatment. The Mental Health Act 1983 did little to assist with autonomy especially when in relation to the autonomy of a child. Under this Act parents or carers of children with mental disorders were given even less autonomy then under the previous legislation. Under the 1983 Act the competence of the patient was even more difficult to establish in cases where the patient was suffering from a mental disorder. It was viewed that such a disorder was likely to lead to the patient being less able to decide whether the treatment would be beneficial to them. The Mental Health Act 1983 Code of Practice regards parental authority for treatment and detention sufficient irrespective if the competence of the child (Department of Health and Welsh Office, 1999). In 1989 the Children Act attempted to provide a child with a degree of autonomy by granting them limited rights to refuse medical treatment. However, the courts were instructed to view the refusal of the child in line with the professional’s perception of the best interests of the child. This effectively meant that a doctor could override the wishes of the child if he were able to display that the treatment would benefit the child. Similar attempts at increasing autonomy were contained within the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1991 which stated that children should have the same dignity and rights of an adult when making a decision concerning their treatment. Article 12 of the convention states that ‘†¦the child who is capable of forming his or her own views has the right to express those views freely in all matters affecting the child: the views of the child being given due weight in accordance with age and maturity of the child. the child shall in particular be provided with the opportunity to be heard in any surgical or administrative proceedings affecting the child directly; or through a representative body. The Convention was, however, reluctant to allow total autonomy and made it clear that despite the right to autonomy children are dependent on their parents or carers and need protection and guidance. This in essence allows those caring for a child who is refusing treatment to insist on the child receiving the treatment on the grounds that they are incapable of making their own decisions and need the guidance of their parents. In 1999 the Department of Health conducted the Mental Health Act Review in which it recommended the lowering of the age of capacity for decision making to 16 and inserted a presumption that a child is regarded as competent from the age of 10. Distinction between consent and refusal of treatment Whilst accepting that there are occasions when the child should be regarded as competent to give consent the courts have been reluctant to allow a child to refuse to treatment. In order for consent to be given by a minor the court need to be satisfied that the child is competent enough to be able to make such a decision. This was tested in the case of Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority [1986] in which Lord Scarman ruled that the parental right to determine whether their child below the age of 16 will have medical treatment terminates if and when the child achieves a sufficient understanding and intelligence to enable them to understand fully what is proposed . This case led to the formation of the principle of Gillick competence. In assessing the ability of the child to give consent the courts use the above case as a yardstick for determining the competence of the child. Although the case mentioned above would appear to open the floodgates for children to be able to assert their right with regard to consent to treatment those who are suffering from a mental disorder are unlikely to be able to rely on this. This was the case in Re R (A minor) (Wardship: Medical Treatment) [1991] in which a 15 year old who had been admitted to hospital with a suspected psychotic illness and who had refused medication was forced to receive treatment. At the Court of Appeal the judge held that a child who had a fluctuating mental capacity as in the instant case could never be considered to be competent. In the case of Re W (A minor) (Wardship: Medical Treatment) [1992] the court held that a parent’s right to consent was not extinguished by the Family Law Reform Act 1969. In this case a 16 year old girl who was suffering from anorexia nervosa was refusing treatment for her condition. Case law regarding the compulsive treatment is at a variance to the treatment of adults. A competent adult is entitled to refuse medical treatment even if the reason for the refusal is irrational. A competent adult can also refuse treatment without any specific reason for refusing as was demonstrated in Sidaway v Governors of Bethlem Royal Hospital [1985]. There have also been occasions where adults who have been detained under the Mental Health Act 1983 have not been regarded as wholly incompetent. This was held to be the case in Re C (Adult: Refusal of treatment) [1994] in which the patient who was schizophrenic refused to have his foot amputated despite the fact that it was gangrenous and that by not having it removed it was likely that he would die. In this particular case the patient accepted a less invasive treatment which resulted in the foot returning to normal without the need to amputate. It can be concluded from the above that within English law a minor has the right to consent to treatment but is denied the right to refuse treatment. One of the major concerns expressed by doctors with regard to the refusal of treatment is that the essence of medical opinion is that they are required as doctors to act in the best interests of their patient. Allowing the patient to refuse treatment denies the doctors the right to act in the patient’s best interests. Test for competence The British Medical Association alongside the Law Society (1995) published guidelines to assist in determining the competence of a child. Assessments are based on the determining whether the child understands the choices available, the consequences of each of those choices and that they are able to make those choices. The person carrying out the assessment should ensure that the child has not been pressured to make the choice they are making. Most doctors will consider the rationality of the decision made by the child, however they should consider these choices in context of the emotions of the parties, their experience and the social context (Dickenson, 1994; Rushforth, 1999). The maturity of the child has also been a deciding factor in the assessment of competence. Children mature at different rates and maturity can be affected by the role of the parents in the child’s life (Alderson, 1993). Maturity is of particular relevance in relation to mental health issues of the child. Batten (1996) argues that maturity can be difficult to determine as their can be a harsh fluctuation in the maturity level of a child with a mental disorder. Gersch (2002) believes that professionals should be trained in child development so as to understand the thought processes of the child. by understanding the way they think the professionals can determine whether the child is making a decision of their own free will or whether the child has been coerced by those responsible for the care of the child. Alderson (1996) believes that in assessing the competence of the child consideration should be given of the child’s understanding of their condition. Alderson holds that an assessment of the child’s experience of their illness will disclose their level of maturity and understanding of the consequences of the refusal of treatment. Chapman (1988) felt that using the age of the child as a traditional measure of competence was flawed as children mature at different levels. Using age as a measure failed to take into account those suffering with mental disorders, some of whom were unlikely to ever be competent enough to make a decision in their own right. Ethics and consent When dealing with adult patients with mental disorders the emphasis is on allowing the patient to make autonomous decisions. By contrast with children the major deciding factor is the welfare of the child as expressed by those who have parental responsibility for them and the medical staff treating the child. The Mental Health Act 2007 is an attempt to redress this imbalance by accepting that children mature at a much earlier age nowadays and that in the past the parents have made decisions regarding the child’s treatment without proper consideration of the quality of life the child will have (Dickenson, 1994). Given that it is the children who have to live with the decisions that are being made about their treatment the 2007 Act seems to enforce the right of the child to be able to make their own decisions. Mental illness and treatment Much of the above centres on the rights of children in respect of general medical treatment and allows for the decision of a child to be overruled where the situation is regarded as life threatening, as demonstrated in the case mentioned above with a child suffering from anorexia. Shaw (1999) believes that children should be involved as much as possible where refusal of such treatment is only likely to have minor consequences for the child. Rushforth (1999), however, feels that there should be a sliding scale of involvement in the decision making process, with the medical practitioners, parents and children all being actively involved. Rushforth (1999) also believes that even if the admission was formal or compulsory this should not affect the autonomy of the patient in respect of all treatment. It could be argued that overruling the refusal of the child to undergo treatment is tantamount to child abuse, as the child is forced to have treatment against their will. The impact of the Mental Health Act 2007 From 1 January 2008 16 and 17year olds can no longer be admitted to hospital for treatment for a mental disorder based on the consent of a person who has parental responsibility for them. The change in legislation has been into section 43 of the Mental Health Act 2007 and states (4) If the patient does not consent to the making of the arrangements, they may not be made, carried out or determined on the basis of the consent of a person who has parental responsibility for him. By virtue of subsection (3) a person aged 16 or 17 is able to give consent for an informal admission to hospital even if those who have parental responsibility for them refuse to consent. (3) If the patient consents to the making of the arrangements, they may be made, carried out and determined on the basis of that consent even though there are one or more persons who have parental responsibility for him. Given that this section only came into force since January 2008 there is no case law available to prove that the legislation will be fully adhered to. It is unclear from the information available whether exceptions will apply where the refusal of treatment can be overruled. Life threatening conditions In some spheres eating disorders have been regarded as a form of mental illness. Since the change in legislation to the Mental Health Act whereby 16 and 17 year olds can refuse medical treatment it is likely that conditions such as anorexia nervosa will be classified as illnesses rather then mental abnormalities. Should such conditions be classed as mental illnesses this would effectively mean that an adolescent could refuse treatment thereby starving themselves to death. Before the introduction of the 2007 Act patients with eating disorders where compulsorily admitted to hospital for treatment under the Mental Health Act 1983. Compulsory treatment for this condition has been deemed to be compatible with the Human Rights Act 1998 although many have questioned the legitimacy over parental consent being applied where the sufferer is aged between 16 and 18. In the white paper ‘The New Legal Framework’ published in 2000 it was recommended that the amended Mental Health Act should introduce community detention powers, at the same time as altering the detention and representation rights of children (Department of Health, 2000a). It was argued that the definition of mental disorder, as would be amended by the 2007 Act, would become to broad and concerns were expressed that should anorexia be regarded as a mental disorder difficulties might arise in being able to force feed sufferers as doctors have been able to in the past (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2001). This point was raised during the early stages of the Bill. In an attempt to prevent such an anomaly the white paper suggested that the limits of the definition of mental disorder should be clearly set. According to the Royal College of Psychiatrists (2001) the proposed amendments to the definition were sufficient and would not cause any difficulty when dealing with a patient with an eating disorder. In their report they stated that as the main treatment was in making the patient eat it could be argued that this was not medication and therefore the patient would not be able to refuse in reliance on the Act as this specifically deals with the refusal of medication (Szmukler et al, 1995). It was also felt that someone suffering from an eating disorder could be admitted under a formal admission process as there was a severe medical risk to the sufferer. Since s43 deals specifically with informal admissions and the right of the patient to refuse to be informally admitted, classification of the illness as a severe medical risk could be used to for malise the admission which would mean that the patient would not be able to refuse admission relying on the Act. Capacity and the Mental Health Act Changes to the Mental Capacity Act 2005 have been included within the 2007 Act which assists those dealing with patients with eating disorders to be able to detain the person under a formal admission. Section 50 of the 2007 Act deals specifically with the deprivation of liberty and highlights the occasions where a patient can be deprived of their liberty. The amendments have the effect of inserting into the 2005 Act the following 4B Deprivation of liberty necessary for life-sustaining treatment etc (3) The second condition is that the deprivation of liberty— (a) is wholly or partly for the purpose of— (i) giving P life-sustaining treatment, or (ii) doing any vital act, or (b) consists wholly or partly of— (i) giving P life-sustaining treatment, or (ii) doing any vital act. (4) The third condition is that the deprivation of liberty is necessary in order to— (a) give the life-sustaining treatment, or (b) do the vital act. (5) A vital act is any act which the person doing it reasonably believes to be necessary to prevent a serious deterioration in P’s condition.† By including this provision into the 2005 Act doctors can insist on hospitalisation and treatment of a person with an eating disorder on the grounds that the treatment is necessary in order to sustain life. During the discussions leading up to the change in the Mental Health Act the Government expressed concern about the use of compulsory powers following a diagnosis of mental disorder (Department of Health, 2000b). In the New Legal Framework paper it specified that there should be an assessment period of a maximum of 28 days where compulsory treatment could be given. After the expiration of this period a tribunal will be required to authorise a care plan guided by the opinion of an expert. Those responsible for the treatment of patients with anorexia nervosa argued that the patient would be unlikely to have significantly improved within 28 days and would still lack the necessary capacity to make rational decisions as the condition has the effect of impairing the mental capacity of the patient. The paper also suggested that in some instances patients could be treated through compulsory community treatment as opposed to enforced admission. This was included under section 32 of the 2007 Act. A safety net has been inserted into the amendments such that a community patient can be recalled to hospital if they need medical treatment for their condition. 17E Power to recall to hospital (1) The responsible clinician may recall a community patient to hospital if in his opinion— (a) the patient requires medical treatment in hospital for his mental disorder; and (b) there would be a risk of harm to the health or safety of the patient or to other persons if the patient were not recalled to hospital for that purpose. In cases of eating disorders community treatment might be difficult to monitor or control although it was agreed by those dealing with these disorders that treatment of patient’s at home could be beneficial in preventing relapse. In Somerset and Wessex the Somerset and Wessex Eating Disorders Association has adopted the National Plan of meal support. The role of the meal supporter is to help the person with the disorder to overcome their anxiety about being scrutinised over the foods they are eating. Meal supporters in this area have found that the best way to assist a sufferer is for the meal supporter to eat exactly the same as the sufferer that way the sufferer does not feel that they are being patronised and singled out. Health professionals have agreed that the provision of meal supporters nationally will enable people suffering from eating disorders to be treated in the community rather than having to be hospitalised. Where the condition of the person suffering from an eating disorder is so severe and they are refusing treatment medical practitioners are not limited by the 2007 Act with regard to the compulsory admission of patient’s. Fears that a 16 or 17 year old patient with anorexia nervosa could refuse treatment on reliance of the 2007 Act are unlikely to come to fruition. The treatment of adult patients suffering from this condition since the introduction of the 2007 Act is still carried out through compulsory admission under the Mental Health Act 1983. The recent case of R. (on the application of M) v Homerton University Hospital [2008] EWCA Civ 197 involved a woman in her forties who was suffering from anorexia nervosa. The patient was admitted to hospital under s2 of the 1983 Act and following treatment her condition improved and she was gaining weight. The mother of the applicant indicated to the hospital that she intended to apply to the court for an order of discharge. Realising that this would result in the release of the patient the hospital applied to have the woman detained under s3 of the 1983 Act as well as applying to have the mother displaced as the nearest relative under s29 of the Act. The patient appealed on the grounds that compulsory admission was unlawful. The court disallowed the appeal and concurrent detention was ordered. Using the decision above it would be impossible for a 16 or 17 year old to argue that they had been treated any differently to an adult in the same situation, therefore the courts would be li kely to order compulsory detention. Conclusion From the above it can be concluded that the amendments made by the Mental Health Act 2007 are likely to have a positive impact. The insertion of the right of 16 and 17 year olds to refuse informal admission to hospital for treatment gives them a degree of autonomy that has previously been denied to them. Within the amendment adolescents in this age range are also entitled to insist on informal admission in situations where their parents or carers have refused to allow them to be admitted. The concerns expressed over the treatment of such people with eating disorders has been addressed by allowing doctors to apply for formal admission where the condition of the person has deteriorated to the extent that the condition has become life threatening. The use of compulsory community treatment orders is also likely to be beneficial in dealing with patients with eating disorders as statistics have shown that there is a higher mortality rate amongst those treated compulsorily in hospital then those that have been treated at home or in the community. Bibliography Alderson P, Montgomery J. What about me? Health Service Journal April 1996:22–4. Alderson, P. (1993) Childrens Consent to Surgery. Buckingham: Open University Press. Batten, D. A. (1996) Informed consent by children and adolescents to psychiatric treatment. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 30, 623-632 British Medical Association the Law Society (1995) Assessment of Mental Capacity. London: BMA. Chapman M. Constructive evolution: origins and development of Piaget’s thought. Cambridge University Press, 1988 Department of Health Welsh Office (1999) Mental Health Act 1983 Code of Practice. London: Stationery Office. Department of Health (2000a) Reforming the Mental Health Act White Paper Part 1 ‘The new legal framework’ and Part 2 ‘High risk patients’. London: Department of Health. Department of Health (2000b) Reforming the Mental Health Act White Paper Summary. London: Department of Health. Dickenson, D. (1994) Childrens informed consent to treatment: is the law an ass? Journal of Medical Ethics, 20, 205-206 Faden, R. R. Beauchamp, T. L. (1986) A History and Theory of Informed Consent. Oxford: Oxford University Press Gersch I. Resolving disagreement in special educational needs: a practical guide to conciliation and mediation. Routledge/Falmer, 2002. Hagger L. Some implications of the Human Rights Act 1998 for the medical treatment of children. Medical Law International 2003;6(1):25–51 Hewson, B. (2000) Why the human rights act matters to doctors. BMJ, 30, 780-781. Honig, P, Consent in relation to the treatment of eating disorders, Psychiatric Bulletin (2000) 24: 409-411. doi: 10.1192/pb.24.11.409 Kessel, A. S. (1994) On failing to understand informed consent. British Journal of Hospital Medicine, 52, 235-239 Law Commission (1995) Mental Incapacity (Law Commission Report 231). London: Law Commission (http://www.lawcom.gov.uk/library/lc231/contents.htm). Parekh, S.A, Child consent and the law: an insight and discussion into the law relating to consent and competence, Child: Care, Health and Development, Volume 33,Number 1, January 2007 Blackwell Publishing Potter, R, Child psychiatry, mental disorder and the law: is a more specific statutory framework necessary?, The British Journal of Psychiatry (2004) 184: 1-2 2004 The Royal College of Psychiatrists Royal College of Psychiatrists (2001) White Paper on the Reform of the Mental Health Act 1983. Letter from the Chair of the Colleges Public Policy Committee. 13 June 2001. Royal College of Psychiatrists Rushforth, H. (1999) Communicating with hospitalised children: review and application of research pertaining to childrens understanding of health and illness. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 683-691 Shaw, M. (1999) Treatment Decisions in Young People: The Legal Framework. London: FOCUS, The Royal College of Psychiatrists Research Unit. Szmukler, G, Dare, C. Treasure, J. (1995) Handbook of Eating Disorders. London: Wiley and Sons. Webster, P, ‘Reforming the Mental Health Act’: implications of the Governments white paper for the management of patients with eating disorders, Psychiatric Bulletin (2003) 27: 364-366. http://www.swedauk.org/leaflets/mealsupport.htm

Woodstock Essay -- essays research papers fc

The muddiest four days in history were celebrated in a drug-induced haze in Sullivan County, New York (Tiber 1). Music soared through the air and into the ears of the more than 450,000 hippies that were crowded into Max Yasgur's pasture. "What we had here was a once-in-a-lifetime occurrence," said Bethel town historian Bert Feldmen. "Dickens said it first: 'it was the best of times, it was the worst of times'. It's an amalgam that will never be reproduced again" (Tiber 1). It also closed the New York State Thruway and created one of the nation's worst traffic jams (Tiber 1). Woodstock, with its rocky beginnings, epitomized the culture of that era through music, drug use, and the thousands of hippies who attended, leaving behind a legacy for future generations. Woodstock was the hair brained idea of four men that met each other completely at random. It was the counterculture's biggest bash, which ultimately cost over $2.4 million, and was sponsored by John Roberts, Joel Rosenman, Artie Kornfeld, and Michael Lang (Young 18). John Roberts was an heir to a drugstore and toothpaste manufacturing fortune. He supplied the money, for he had a multi-million dollar trust fund, a University of Pennsylvania degree, and a Lieutenant's commission in the Army (Tiber 1). Joel Rosenman, the son of a prominent Long Island orthodontist, had just graduated from Yale Law School (Makower 28). In 1967, he was playing guitar for a lounge band in motels from Long Island to Law Vegas. He and Roberts met on a golf course in the fall of 1966 (Tiber 1). By the next winter, Roberts and Rosenman shared an apartment and were trying to figure out what to do with their lives. One idea was to create a screw ball situation comedy for television (Landy, Spirit 62). "It w as an office comedy about two pals with more money than brains and a thirst for adventure," Rosenman said. To get plot ideas for their sitcom, Roberts and Rosenman put a classified as in the Wall Street Journal and Fanning 2 the New York Times in March of 1968 that read: "Young men with unlimited capital looking for interesting, legitimate investment opportunities and business propositions" (Tiber 1). Artie Kornfeld was the vice-president of Capitol Records. He smoked hash in the office and was the Company's connection with the rockers that were starting to sell millions or reco... ...ug use, and the thousands of hippies who attended, leaving behind a legacy for future generations. II. How Woodstock got Started; The Events Leading up to Woodstock0 A. Woodstock was the hair brained idea of four men that met each other completely at random. B. The four met to discuss their idea at a high-rise on 83rd Street. C. "In the cultural-political atmosphere of 1969, Kornfeld and Land knew it was important to pitch Woodstock in a way that would appeal to their peer's sense of independence. III. The Four Days of Woodstock A. After a much-anticipated wait, Friday, August 15, 1969, arrived. B. On Friday, Joan Baez was the headliner†¦and Sly and the Family Stone. C. There were people everywhere. D. There was a tent dubbed the Freak-Out Tent, which in reality was the nurses' station. IV. The Aftermath A. After the final hippie drudged out of Max Yasgur's pasture, the problems for Woodstock Ventures began. B. For the next decade, Woodstock was virtually a clichà © for all that was goofy and bad about the '60's. V. Conclusion Summary Sentence: A good time was had by all, and although it has been tried, perfection cannot be imitated.

Family Problems

Many Family conditions are seen as factors that increase the likelihood of poverty. Regarding risk factors, Tom Luster and Harriett McAdoo of Michigan State University summed up the findings of 17 eminent researchers in the field in 1994 by noting: â€Å"Over the past 15 years, research on diverse samples of children has shown that children who are exposed to several risk factors simultaneously tend to experience learning or behavioral problems. â€Å"a Poor families are more likely to have multiple risk factors. Jean Brooks-Gunn of Teachers College at Columbia University and her colleagues estimated that in 1995, only 2 percent of poor families had no risk factors, while 35 percent experienced six or more. By contrast, among families that were not poor, 19 percent experienced no risk factors and 5 percent experienced six or more risk factors. b Many of these risks are measures of conditions linked to broken families. The instrument used most widely in social science research to assess risk factors is the â€Å"HOME† measurement, used in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). The factors in the HOME scale below can be shown to be associated with the presence or absence of marriage and with Family structure, as noted within the parentheses. References cited in the footnotes for each factor are studies that illustrate the correlation between the risk and Family structure. The HOME assessment factors are: * Low birth weight (most prevalent in out-of-wedlock births). c * Low neonatal health index score (most prevalent in out-of-wedlock births). c * Unemployment of the household head (least likely in a two-parent Family). * Mother has less than a high school education (less likely if parents are married). e * Mother has a verbal comprehension score below the 25th percentile (associated strongly with educational level, which is linked extensively to her parent's Family structure). f * High maternal depression score (less likely if married). g * More than three stressful life events (less likely if married). h * Teenagers at time of child's birth (most unlikely to marry). f * Low social support network (less likely if married and have married parents). i * Father absent at time of interview. Child-to-adult ratio is greater than 2:1 (50 percent less likely if married, since marriage doubles the number of adults). * Simplistic categorical view of child development. * Of ethnic minorityb (two married parents are less likely in African-American and Hispanic households). j Rather than being immutable conditions, many of these risk factors are the result of individual choices, particularly regarding marriage. Restoring marriage among the poor would create home environments that are more likely to reduce these factors significantly. But this will require a coordinated effort by the public, private, and parochial sectors of society. aTom Luster and Harriette Pipes McAdoo, â€Å"Factors Related to the Achievement and Adjustment of Young African American Children,† Child Development, Vol. 65, No. 4 (April 1994), pp. 1080-1094. bJean Brooks-Gunn, Pamel Kato Klevbanov, and Fron-ruey Liaw, â€Å"Learning, Physical and Emotional Environment of the Home in the Context of poverty: The Infant Health and Development Program,† Children& Youth Services Review, Vol. 17, (1995), pp. 251-276. Family Problems Many Family conditions are seen as factors that increase the likelihood of poverty. Regarding risk factors, Tom Luster and Harriett McAdoo of Michigan State University summed up the findings of 17 eminent researchers in the field in 1994 by noting: â€Å"Over the past 15 years, research on diverse samples of children has shown that children who are exposed to several risk factors simultaneously tend to experience learning or behavioral problems. â€Å"a Poor families are more likely to have multiple risk factors. Jean Brooks-Gunn of Teachers College at Columbia University and her colleagues estimated that in 1995, only 2 percent of poor families had no risk factors, while 35 percent experienced six or more. By contrast, among families that were not poor, 19 percent experienced no risk factors and 5 percent experienced six or more risk factors. b Many of these risks are measures of conditions linked to broken families. The instrument used most widely in social science research to assess risk factors is the â€Å"HOME† measurement, used in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). The factors in the HOME scale below can be shown to be associated with the presence or absence of marriage and with Family structure, as noted within the parentheses. References cited in the footnotes for each factor are studies that illustrate the correlation between the risk and Family structure. The HOME assessment factors are: * Low birth weight (most prevalent in out-of-wedlock births). c * Low neonatal health index score (most prevalent in out-of-wedlock births). c * Unemployment of the household head (least likely in a two-parent Family). * Mother has less than a high school education (less likely if parents are married). e * Mother has a verbal comprehension score below the 25th percentile (associated strongly with educational level, which is linked extensively to her parent's Family structure). f * High maternal depression score (less likely if married). g * More than three stressful life events (less likely if married). h * Teenagers at time of child's birth (most unlikely to marry). f * Low social support network (less likely if married and have married parents). i * Father absent at time of interview. Child-to-adult ratio is greater than 2:1 (50 percent less likely if married, since marriage doubles the number of adults). * Simplistic categorical view of child development. * Of ethnic minorityb (two married parents are less likely in African-American and Hispanic households). j Rather than being immutable conditions, many of these risk factors are the result of individual choices, particularly regarding marriage. Restoring marriage among the poor would create home environments that are more likely to reduce these factors significantly. But this will require a coordinated effort by the public, private, and parochial sectors of society. aTom Luster and Harriette Pipes McAdoo, â€Å"Factors Related to the Achievement and Adjustment of Young African American Children,† Child Development, Vol. 65, No. 4 (April 1994), pp. 1080-1094. bJean Brooks-Gunn, Pamel Kato Klevbanov, and Fron-ruey Liaw, â€Å"Learning, Physical and Emotional Environment of the Home in the Context of poverty: The Infant Health and Development Program,† Children& Youth Services Review, Vol. 17, (1995), pp. 251-276.

How significant was James Simpsons role in solving the problem of surgery during the 19th century?

During the 19th century, there were many attempts to perform surgery without there being any risk towards the patient. This usually meant that the surgeons had to overcome problems of pain, infection and blood loss which were the three main ways in which patients died during surgery. Many individuals discovered methods to make surgery safer. One of these men was a Scottish doctor, by the name of James Simpson, who discovered the anesthetic properties of chloroform and successfully introduced it for general medical use. Of course, there were other individuals who had used different varieties of anaesthetics before James Simpson. In 1799 Sir Humphrey Davy discovered laughing gas which reduced pain felt by patients. It was mostly used by dentists during teeth extractions, which caused excruciating pain. In 1846, J. R Lister used ‘ether' as an anaesthetic so the patient would be unconscious during operation. However this was soon dismissed as it irritated the lungs and caused the patient to cough during the operation as well as the fact that ether is highly flammable. The fact that others had already tried to come up with suitable anaesthetics that could be used in surgery shows that James Simpson's discovery had been built up with knowledge of previous attempts. It also proves that he wasn't solely responsible for discovering ‘anaesthetics'. James Simpson was appointed the Professor of Midwifery at Edinburgh University due to his interest in obstetrics. In 1847, Simpson discovered the properties of chloroform during an experiment with friends in which he learnt that it could be used to put one to sleep. It was very much up to chance that Simpson survived the chloroform dosage he administered to himself. If he had inhaled too much, subsequently passing away from an overdose, chloroform would have been seen as a dangerous substance. However, if Simpson had inhaled slightly less it would not have put him to sleep. It was his willingness to explore the possibilities of the substance that established his career as a pioneer in the field of medicine. He began to use chloroform as an efficient and effective anaesthetic used to relieve labour pains during childbirth. This theory of relieving patients from pain spread across to many other surgeons who began using this method of anaesthesia. James Simpson was able to find an actual anaesthetic that was suitable in surgery, and he took the risk of trying the chloroform himself proving that he was dedicated to improving and solving the problems of surgery. Yet, there was a lot of opposition to chloroform due to it being a new and untested gas. Surgeons did not know how much dosage to give their patients or whether there would be long-term side effects. There was also the fact that the use of chloroform caused an increase in deaths, since the patients were given a bigger dosage of chloroform that was necessary. This scared the many surgeons into not using it. There were also other who opposed chloroform because they believed that easing the pain of childbirth, it would make it unnatural and was an act against God. In addition to this, whilst the patient is unconscious surgeons became more confident and attempt more complex operations allowing infections deeper into the body and causing more blood loss. This also contributed to the rise in number of deaths since the introduction of chloroform. Yet, James Simpson soon got many people to realise that his theory was accurate and it was soon accepted. When Queen Victoria used chloroform when delivering her eighth child in 1857, the public along with many other surgeons began using it as an anaesthetic and this soon became a part of surgical practise. However although James Simpson had already tried the anaesthetic on himself, it almost immediately became clear that there were very serious side effects associated with its use and it was known to cause death in a number of instances. From 1864, numerous studies were conducted in an attempt to determine whether chloroform affected the respiratory system or the circulatory system. The major health effects of chloroform surround acute inhalation which leads to depression which is why it was used for a long time as an anaesthetic. Chronic exposure to chloroform was associated with affects on the liver, kidney, and central nervous system. The evidence that chloroform was dangerous and fatal in numerous ways added to the opposition and causes us to believe whether James Simpson really was responsible for an important breakthrough in surgery. In addition to this there were many other breakthroughs by many other people who would be considered to be more important since their discoveries caused essential progress in solving the problems of surgery. Louis Pasteur was extremely vital as he was responsible for the development of the Germ theory, along with Robert Koch. The French scientist was also accountable for the many vaccines such as Chicken cholera, Rabies and Anthrax. Of course, this was accentuated by the rivalry between Pasteur and Koch since, they were both ambitious and nationalistic and France had lost a bitter war to Germany in 1870-71. Joseph Lister was then able to use the germ theory to uncover another significant discovery: antiseptics. This included sterilisation of all equipment, including doctor's hands, throughout the surgery. His reasoning behind this was to reduce the number of patients dying from infection passed on from bacteria on clothing and apparatus. This was vital because many people were dying from infection at the time and there were no advances to decrease the numbers until Lister's antiseptics. Another individual who was able to put the germ theory to good use was John Snow, who was responsible for discovering the cause of cholera, a big killer during the 1800s. He discovered that cholera was spread by drinking water that contained bacteria. Snow was one of the first physicians to study and calculate dosages for the use of ether and chloroform as surgical anaesthetics, allowing patients to undergo surgical and other procedures without the distress and pain they would otherwise experience. He personally administered chloroform to Queen Victoria when she gave birth to the last two of her nine children, leading to wider public acceptance of obstetric anaesthesia. The fact that there were many other individuals who were able to discover other vital things prevents James Simpson from solely being responsible for solving the problems of surgery. John Snow also proves that James Simpson was not the first to come up with the idea of ‘anaesthetics', and therefore cannot really be responsible for the discovery although he played a major role in coming across chloroform. In conclusion, I believe that James Simpson's role was not very significant in the attempts to solve the problems of surgery. This is because he was able to use other people's ideas, such as John Snow, to actually discover the anaesthetic. In addition to this, there were many other individuals and factors such as War and Technology that would have impacted surgery on a bigger scale than that of James Simpson's discovery of chloroform as an anaesthetic. Although we can see his dedication in proving that chloroform was a suitable anaesthetic we can also see that there was a lot of scope for other individuals to find an anaesthetic that may have proved to be less fatal.

The American Revolution essays

The American Revolution essays It would be pleasant to think that the American Revolution went smoothly. Both the English and the Colonist experienced many challenges that make our country what it is today. The Battle of Bunker Hill in 1775 was a huge risk to the colonists. The British army was known to be very strong and had plentiful artillery. The Rebels on the other hand lacked weapons badly and also had fewer men. There strategy to build trenches to surprise the English was a good idea but it still seemed to be a predictable defeat. Another amazing fact was that the Colonist killed twice as many men as they did us. Although they were defeated it proved to the English that we were not going to back down from a battle. The English raided most of the colonies and stole there ammunition leaving the colonists empty handed. This resulted in the smuggling of gunpowder provided by the Dutch. The Dutch initiated the supply to the colonist. They wanted revenge against the English who had previously stolen New Amsterdam from them in 1664. It was humorous to discover that one of Englands victories indirectly led them to what would be a major defeat. The English constantly undermined the militia. They always assumed that they would be no competition to their army. This Battle of Trenton in 1776 proved them wrong. Washington developed a plan that would lead to his readily deserved victory. The rebels bravely attacked the feared Hessians during a vulnerable time. It was the day after their Christmas celebration. Washington knew that they would be weak after a long night of heavy drinking. His strategy worked and also left none of Washingtons men dead. The Battle of Saratoga in 1777 seems to be a competition of whos better than whom. First we have a man that is so important that he deserves to have an entire department store carried behind him by his men. This man who is known as General John Burgoyne surrenders ...

International Business Analysis Project Research Paper

International Business Analysis Project - Research Paper Example According to Busfield (2006), the total worldwide sales of pharmaceutical products in the year 2003 amounted to $ 466 billion (10). It is necessary to note that the usage of prescription medicines globally is on the increase (Blume 1992). All the leading pharmaceutical multinationals, including Glaxo Smith Kline, have head offices in all advanced societies; and their worldwide presence is on the increase (Berg, 1997,). The challenges driving down revenues from the blockbuster strategy to 5% are recognized: declining R&D (Research and Development), rising expenditures of commercialization, augmenting payor influence and shorter exclusivity terms. The pharmaceutical industry has traditionally used the blockbuster approach to develop new drugs, despite numerous challenges of this approach (Williams et. al., 2008, p. 845). Using this approach, some prospective drugs may fail and when their costs are factored in, the actual cost of discovering, developing, and launching new drugs overly i ncreases (McKeown 1976). Publishing arm of a consultancy firm forms the basis of this report and audience are expert in the pharmaceutical field. Challenges of the model The model structure is provided in the diagram below revealing the requirements of the model. The challenges of the model are viewed as the enslaving factors in the pharmaceutical industry. ... vironment for pharma companies has transformed dramatically in the recent past; however, the founding model has not kept the pace thus posing challenges to emerging pharmaceutical companies. The declining research and development (R&D) productivity, increasing costs of commercialization, shorter exclusivity periods and augmenting payor influence have increased the mean expenditure per a successful introduction to $ 1.7 billion and decreased average expected profits on novel investment to the indefensible level of 5%. The challenges has presented predicaments that mergers created will not improve profitability. This forces pharmaceutical organizations to require fresh business models that fit the new environment. The model presents major challenges to all but the three largest organizations; GlaxoSmithKline PLC, Pfizer Inc., and Merck & Co. Inc. the choice is comparatively desolate: with little resources to drive primary care commodities and to venture in the arms race in sales & mark eting, and research and development project (R&D), they will probably be driven faster to replace their blockbuster-based models (Moncrieff 2002). Market worth is shifting previously to some smaller actors that have embraced new models. The effects of model dilapidation have been seen in many pharmaceutical organizations. According to Busfield (2006), pharmaceutical companies get most of their revenue from patented drugs, with most patients lasting for a period of up to 20 years. In 2003, for instance, The US pharmaceutical market, including of six of the peak 10 pharmaceutical corporations, accounted for ‘just under half of the world’s revenue, (Busfield 2006, p. 3).’ The other four companies were based in Europe. Despite the importance of this industry in the world, companies in

EA frameworks Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

EA frameworks - Research Paper Example An architected system will frequently provide a pervasive "appearance and experience" that makes the whole systems more identifiable and consequently make the systems simpler and rather easy to learn and use (Finneran). From the perspectives of a lot of people of the industry, there is nothing considered to be vital for the transactions of the business than the utilization of working descriptions. It could as well be presumed that nothing is extra isolated." An architectural method provides operational descriptions as a part of its extensive business terminology furthermore consequently help widespread establishment of business strategies and enforcement methods. Additionally, the enterprise architecture provides a deep understanding into business process improvement (equally in total quality management (or TQM) and/or re-engineering) by describing preliminary business procedural paradigm and makes the consequence reliance so significant to the development of business procedures and methodologies. Moreover, the enterprise architecture provides a useful technique to speak about the architecture mechanisms to the objectives of the business as well as specific goals to be achieved, therefore providing impending into the business inspiration in terms of both the data as well as procedures of the business (Finneran) and (wikipedia-1). An effectively managed enterprise architecture scheme looks for to support the handy information management transactions, to the level that is rather possible as well as gives assured utilization of metrics to efficiently estimate the quality as well as amount of both the business procedure plus the productivity supported for information technology. An enterprise architecture framework assembles cooperative techniques, tools, procedure standards, artifact descriptions, orientation models plus management carried out by

The Automotive Industry 1945-1960 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Automotive Industry 1945-1960 - Term Paper Example â€Å"After World War II there was a striking expansion of motor vehicle production. During a 35-year period the total world output increased almost 10-fold. Among individual countries the United States was the leading producer until the recession of the early 1980s† (Automotive Industry) Science and Technology developed rapidly during the period of 1945-1960 so that industrial sector, especially the automobile industry got huge benefits. â€Å"The American work force also changed significantly. During the 1950s, the number of workers providing services grew until it equaled and then surpassed the number who produced goods. And by 1956, a majority of U.S. workers held white-collar rather than blue-collar jobs† (The Post War Economy:  1945-1960) â€Å"Gross national product, a measure of all goods and services produced in the United States, jumped from about $200 thousand-million in 1940 to $300 thousand-million in 1950 to more than $500 thousand-million in 1960† (U.S. Department of State). A substantial portion of the GDP growth during this period was contributed by the automotive industry. Even though recent recession caused some problems in American automotive industry, it is still one of the largest employment sectors for Americans. It should be noted that cold war started between America and Soviet Union immediately after the end of WW2. However, United States enjoyed phenomenal economic growth during the cold war period. America cemented its place as world’s wealthiest nation during this period mainly because of the contributions of the automotive industry. This paper analyses the effect of the Cold war on the Auto Industry, both at the business to business level and business to consumer level. Between 1945 and 1960 some 30 million Americans moved to the suburbs, the growth of which was a huge boon to the auto industry. By the early 1950s the auto industry faced a crisis of falling unit demand, as most families now owned a car . At the same time working people’s discretionary spending was rising. Given these factors, the Big Three (GM, Ford and Crysler) moved to increase each car’s size and array of new gadgets, and at the same time increase the frequency of the introduction of new models (Rooke). GM, Ford and Crysler are the three automobile companies which put strong foundations to the growth in American automobile industry. These companies have introduced many new models of vehicles during the period of 1945 -1960. These three companies started to compete each other and the result was the huge growth in American automobile sector. Consumers started to get vehicles with greater fuel economy and better safety measures because of the competition between the three. â€Å"By 1950 the Big Three offered their customers 243 different new car models. With a major body change costing upwards of $200 million, by 1955 the Big Three controlled 94% of the entire US market†(Rooke). It is an accep ted fact or economic principle that when competition increases, consumers will be benefitted since heavy competition forces companies to reduce the prices of their product and services. However, this principle was not true during the period of 1945 -1960, at least in American automobile sector. Even though competition intensified between the big three, instead of a price dip a price hike occurred for different car models in America during this period. This phenomenon was occurred mainly because of the huge economic growth that happened in America after the end of

The Japanese Managerial System Essay Example for Free

The Japanese Managerial System Essay Takeo Hoshi and Anil Kashyap have in the last chapter of their book; Corporate Financing and Governance in Japan explained the future of the Japanese Investment and Fund Raising market. This future prediction can be assessed taking into consideration the trend of the Japanese market from 1930’s where banks and traditional money lenders were predominant and trusted, to changes that took place and led to the gradual overtaking of the security market over the banking sector as means for fund raising and investment. The early Japanese era saw Banks and traditional means as major avenues for investment and funding. The Security market was unpopular and had no regulations or Corporate governance. The investors were mere profit sharing bystanders with no rights in the companies hence the banking sector started to gain importance. The 50’s and 60’s saw the banks as well established entities with regulations; hence the Government did not want to amend an already ongoing system. By 1968, Japan became the world’s second most strong economy and the banking sector was booming. With the change of the U.S. structure, Japan too took a decision and established a securities market to provide investment and fund raising opportunities. The bigger Japanese companies jumped to this opportunity as this was a good way to finance their increasing needs for expansion. Over time, the Japanese security market grew stronger and overtook the banking sector as means of investment and fund raising. And with the turn of the 21st century, it is predicted that the future of the Japanese market will be one that is a securities dominated market. TWO SURPRISING FEATURES OF THE JAPANESE TREND Pre 1937, the principle mode of investment for households were securities. The security market had very less governance or regulations, yet they were popular. The surprising feature is the popularity of this sector even without governance or regulations. Logically speaking investment in any market that has less regulations or governance is unsafe. The next surprising feature was the Banking Sector pre 1937 also. Banks are considered the safest option to invest money and obtain funds from around the world, yet the Japanese households preferred to keep their investments in postal saving schemes showing that the traditional methods were still dominant. LINK WITH DISCUSSIONS This Chapter speaks about the position of Japan’s household and corporate sector and highlighting changes that took place with respect to investments and funding over a period of 70 years, speaking about Pre Wartime Scenario where securities played a more important role and Post Wartime Scenario where banks established their supremacy †¦ finally giving way to the securities market to once again establish their dominance. The changes that gradually took place from traditional methods of savings and investment to more modernized governed modes. The strengthening of the Banking sector contributing to Japan being established as the world’s second most strongest economy in 1968, to the decline of the role of banks and the emergence of the securities market as the preferred mode for investment and funding, establishing the future of the Japanese economy to be prosperous and optimistic, yet uncertain. References Corporate Financing and Governance in Japan by Takeo Hoshi and Anil Kashyap (2001). The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. ISBN: 0-262-08301-9